{"id":6205,"date":"2020-02-20T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-02-20T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/"},"modified":"2023-01-17T15:05:43","modified_gmt":"2023-01-17T14:05:43","slug":"nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/","title":{"rendered":"Nature’ s extreme particle accelerators"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _module_preset=”default” background_image=”\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/slider-corpo2.jpg” height=”114px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF90aXRsZSIsInNldHRpbmdzIjp7ImJlZm9yZSI6IjxoMSBjbGFzcz1cImVudHJ5X3RpdGxlXCI+IiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiI8L2gxPiJ9fQ==@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|5px|0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_css_main_element=”display: inline-block;”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoiY3VzdG9tX21ldGFfZmVjaGFfZXZlbnRvIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJlbmFibGVfaHRtbCI6Im9mZiJ9fQ==@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|5px|0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_css_main_element=”display: inline-block;”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoiY3VzdG9tX21ldGFfaG9yYV9ldmVudG8iLCJzZXR0aW5ncyI6eyJiZWZvcmUiOiIiLCJhZnRlciI6IiIsImVuYWJsZV9odG1sIjoib2ZmIn19@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″ module_class=”event-organizations”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoiY3VzdG9tX21ldGFfb3JnYW5pemFjaW9uZXMiLCJzZXR0aW5ncyI6eyJiZWZvcmUiOiIiLCJhZnRlciI6IiIsImVuYWJsZV9odG1sIjoib2ZmIn19@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoiY3VzdG9tX21ldGFfbHVnYXJfZXZlbnRvIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJlbmFibGVfaHRtbCI6Im9mZiJ9fQ==@[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” top_divider_color=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” top_divider_height=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1582027473_ae0c4f436afa13cb393e477d55bb6460_2020_02_felix_aharonian.jpg” alt=”Nature’ s extreme particle accelerators” title_text=”Nature’ s extreme particle accelerators” _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _module_preset=”default” width=”600px” module_alignment=”center” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.14.8″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]Cosmic Rays constitute, after the matter, radiation and magnetic fields, the 4th substance of the visible Universe. The Cosmic Ray factories, the sites where relativistic electrons, protons and nuclei are produced\/accelerated, are linked to almost all types of astronomical objects – from stars to pulsars and supernova remnants, from Active Galactic Nuclei to Galaxy Clusters.<\/p>\n

Some of these factories are characterised by extreme (close to 100 %) efficiencies in the sense of both (i) conversion of the available energy in different initial forms (e.g. the rotational energy of pulsars and black holes and kinetic energy of supernovae explosions and accretion shocks) to nonthermal relativistic plasma and (ii) boosting the energy of individual particles to the absolute limits allowed by theory. I will discuss the properties of several types of extreme accelerators in the context of recent gamma-ray observations at high and very high energies.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cosmic Rays constitute, after the matter, radiation and magnetic fields, the 4th substance of the visible Universe. The Cosmic Ray factories, the sites where relativistic electrons, protons and nuclei are produced\/accelerated, are linked to almost all types of astronomical objects – from stars to pulsars and supernova remnants, from Active Galactic Nuclei to Galaxy Clusters. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":6201,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"2880","footnotes":""},"categories":[84,72],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6205","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-conference","category-events"],"yoast_head":"\nNature' s extreme particle accelerators - IEEC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nature' s extreme particle accelerators - IEEC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cosmic Rays constitute, after the matter, radiation and magnetic fields, the 4th substance of the visible Universe. The Cosmic Ray factories, the sites where relativistic electrons, protons and nuclei are produced\/accelerated, are linked to almost all types of astronomical objects - from stars to pulsars and supernova remnants, from Active Galactic Nuclei to Galaxy Clusters. […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"IEEC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-02-20T11:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-01-17T14:05:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1582027473_ae0c4f436afa13cb393e477d55bb6460_2020_02_felix_aharonian.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"670\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"450\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/\",\"name\":\"Nature' s extreme particle accelerators - IEEC\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1582027473_ae0c4f436afa13cb393e477d55bb6460_2020_02_felix_aharonian.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-02-20T11:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-01-17T14:05:43+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1582027473_ae0c4f436afa13cb393e477d55bb6460_2020_02_felix_aharonian.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1582027473_ae0c4f436afa13cb393e477d55bb6460_2020_02_felix_aharonian.jpg\",\"width\":670,\"height\":450},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Portada\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Nature’ s extreme particle accelerators\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/\",\"name\":\"IEEC\",\"description\":\"Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Nature' s extreme particle accelerators - IEEC","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Nature' s extreme particle accelerators - IEEC","og_description":"Cosmic Rays constitute, after the matter, radiation and magnetic fields, the 4th substance of the visible Universe. The Cosmic Ray factories, the sites where relativistic electrons, protons and nuclei are produced\/accelerated, are linked to almost all types of astronomical objects - from stars to pulsars and supernova remnants, from Active Galactic Nuclei to Galaxy Clusters. […]","og_url":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/","og_site_name":"IEEC","article_published_time":"2020-02-20T11:00:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-01-17T14:05:43+00:00","og_image":[{"width":670,"height":450,"url":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1582027473_ae0c4f436afa13cb393e477d55bb6460_2020_02_felix_aharonian.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/","url":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/","name":"Nature' s extreme particle accelerators - IEEC","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1582027473_ae0c4f436afa13cb393e477d55bb6460_2020_02_felix_aharonian.jpg","datePublished":"2020-02-20T11:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2023-01-17T14:05:43+00:00","author":{"@id":""},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1582027473_ae0c4f436afa13cb393e477d55bb6460_2020_02_felix_aharonian.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1582027473_ae0c4f436afa13cb393e477d55bb6460_2020_02_felix_aharonian.jpg","width":670,"height":450},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/nature-s-extreme-particle-accelerators\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Portada","item":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Nature’ s extreme particle accelerators"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/","name":"IEEC","description":"Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6205","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6205"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6205\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14945,"href":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6205\/revisions\/14945"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6201"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6205"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6205"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ieec-wp.ixole.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6205"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}